Gambling behaviour can be located at different points on a continuum ranging from occasional, recreational, non-problematic or social gambling to at-risk gambling and then to problem, pathological, compulsive or disordered gambling ( Floros, 2018). According to a recent review of international studies, 5–15% of adolescents gamble online and 40–70% gamble offline, with large differences between countries ( King, Russell, & Hing, 2020). However, due to its progressive legalisation and promotion alongside the expansion of technology, online gambling is becoming increasingly popular, especially among young people ( Gómez, Feijóo, Braña, Varela, & Rial, 2019 Hollén, Dörner, Griffiths, & Emond, 2020 Molinaro et al., 2018). In general, online gambling is less prevalent than offline gambling. Many adolescents worldwide are involved in gambling-both online and offline-despite being below the legal gambling age (between 16 and 21 years, depending on the country and type of game) ( Emond & Griffiths, 2020). Gambling is usually defined as the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes and online gambling refers to a range of wagering and gaming activities offered through Internet-enabled devices ( Gainsbury, 2015).
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